git clone <repository-url>
cd java_tutorial
mvn clean install

java -version
javac -version
echo $JAVA_HOME  # Linux/Mac
echo %JAVA_HOME%  # Windows

# 安裝 Chocolatey（如果尚未安裝）
Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process -Force; [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol -bor 3072; iex ((New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://community.chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))

# 安裝 Maven
choco install maven

# 安裝 Homebrew（如果尚未安裝）
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

# 安裝 Maven
brew install maven

sudo apt update
sudo apt install maven

sudo yum install maven
# 或使用 dnf（較新版本）
sudo dnf install maven

mvn -version

Apache Maven 3.9.12 (d86a17ee24cd95b4b6dc57e87667d4e2de6ab7a)
Maven home: C:\Program Files\Apache\Maven\apache-maven-3.9.12
Java version: 17.0.7, vendor: Eclipse Adoptium
Java home: C:\Program Files\Eclipse Adoptium\jdk-17.0.7.10-hotspot
Default locale: zh_TW, platform encoding: UTF-8
OS name: "windows 10", version: "10.0", arch: "amd64", family: "windows"

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<settings xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/SETTINGS/1.0.0"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/SETTINGS/1.0.0 
          http://maven.apache.org/xsd/settings-1.0.0.xsd">
    
    <!-- 本地倉庫位置 -->
    <localRepository>C:/Users/${user.name}/.m2/repository</localRepository>
    
    <!-- 伺服器設定（如需要認證） -->
    <servers>
        <!-- 如果公司有私有倉庫需要認證 -->
        <!--
        <server>
            <id>company-nexus</id>
            <username>your-username</username>
            <password>your-password</password>
        </server>
        -->
    </servers>
    
    <!-- 鏡像設定（加速下載） -->
    <mirrors>
        <!-- 使用阿里雲鏡像加速（中國地區） -->
        <mirror>
            <id>aliyun-maven</id>
            <name>Aliyun Maven Mirror</name>
            <url>https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/central</url>
            <mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf>
        </mirror>
    </mirrors>
    
    <!-- 預設設定檔 -->
    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>development</id>
            <activation>
                <activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault>
            </activation>
            <properties>
                <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
                <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
                <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
            </properties>
        </profile>
    </profiles>
</settings>

java_tutorial/
├── pom.xml                    # 專案物件模型檔案
├── src/                       # 原始碼目錄
│   ├── main/                  # 主要程式碼
│   │   ├── java/              # Java 原始碼
│   │   │   └── com/
│   │   │       └── tutorial/
│   │   │           └── java/
│   │   └── resources/         # 資源檔案
│   │       └── log4j2.xml     # 日誌設定檔
│   └── test/                  # 測試程式碼
│       ├── java/              # 測試原始碼
│       │   └── com/
│       │       └── tutorial/
│       │           └── java/
│       └── resources/         # 測試資源檔案
├── target/                    # 建置輸出目錄（自動生成）
│   ├── classes/               # 編譯後的 class 檔案
│   ├── test-classes/          # 編譯後的測試 class 檔案
│   └── *.jar                  # 打包後的 JAR 檔案
└── docs/                      # 文件目錄（非標準，專案特有）

# 查看專案結構
tree /f java_tutorial
# 或在 Linux/Mac 使用
find java_tutorial -type f -name "*.java" | head -10

// Student.java - 學生類別
package com.tutorial.java;

/**
 * 學生類別範例
 * 
 * @author Tutorial Team
 * @version 1.0.0
 */
public class Student {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private String studentId;
    
    // 建構子、getter、setter 方法...
}

// StudentTest.java - 學生類別測試
package com.tutorial.java;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

/**
 * Student 類別的單元測試
 */
public class StudentTest {
    
    @Test
    public void testStudentCreation() {
        Student student = new Student("張三", 20, "S001");
        assertEquals("張三", student.getName());
        assertEquals(20, student.getAge());
    }
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Configuration status="WARN">
    <Appenders>
        <Console name="Console" target="SYSTEM_OUT">
            <PatternLayout pattern="%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n"/>
        </Console>
        <File name="File" fileName="logs/application.log">
            <PatternLayout pattern="%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n"/>
        </File>
    </Appenders>
    <Loggers>
        <Root level="info">
            <AppenderRef ref="Console"/>
            <AppenderRef ref="File"/>
        </Root>
    </Loggers>
</Configuration>

<build>
    <sourceDirectory>src/main/java</sourceDirectory>
    <testSourceDirectory>src/test/java</testSourceDirectory>
    <resources>
        <resource>
            <directory>src/main/resources</directory>
        </resource>
    </resources>
    <testResources>
        <testResource>
            <directory>src/test/resources</directory>
        </testResource>
    </testResources>
</build>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    
    <!-- POM 模型版本 -->
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <!-- 專案座標 -->
    <groupId>com.tutorial.java</groupId>
    <artifactId>java-vscode-tutorial</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    
    <!-- 專案資訊 -->
    <name>Java VS Code Tutorial</name>
    <description>一個教學專案，幫助成員學習如何使用 VS Code 撰寫 Java 程式</description>
    
    <!-- 屬性設定 -->
    <properties>
        <!-- 更多設定... -->
    </properties>
    
    <!-- 依賴管理 -->
    <dependencies>
        <!-- 依賴清單... -->
    </dependencies>
    
    <!-- 建置設定 -->
    <build>
        <!-- 插件設定... -->
    </build>
</project>

<!-- 組織或公司的唯一識別 -->
<groupId>com.tutorial.java</groupId>

<!-- 專案的唯一識別 -->
<artifactId>java-vscode-tutorial</artifactId>

<!-- 專案版本 -->
<version>1.0.0</version>

<!-- 打包類型 -->
<packaging>jar</packaging>  <!-- jar, war, pom, maven-plugin 等 -->

<properties>
    <!-- Java 版本設定 -->
    <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
    
    <!-- 編碼設定 -->
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
    
    <!-- 依賴版本管理 -->
    <junit.version>5.11.4</junit.version>
    <log4j.version>2.24.3</log4j.version>
    <maven.compiler.plugin.version>3.15.0</maven.compiler.plugin.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <!-- JUnit 5 測試框架 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
        <version>${junit.version}</version>
        <scope>test</scope>  <!-- 只在測試時使用 -->
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- Log4j 2 日誌框架 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
        <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
        <version>${log4j.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 可選依賴 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
        <artifactId>jackson-core</artifactId>
        <version>2.18.2</version>
        <optional>true</optional>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

<!-- 方法一：使用 properties 統一管理版本 -->
<properties>
    <spring.version>5.3.39</spring.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
        <version>${spring.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
        <version>${spring.version}</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

<!-- 方法二：使用 dependencyManagement 管理版本 -->
<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-framework-bom</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.39</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<build>
    <!-- 專案名稱（打包後的檔案名稱） -->
    <finalName>java-tutorial</finalName>
    
    <!-- 插件配置 -->
    <plugins>
        <!-- Maven Compiler Plugin -->
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>${maven.compiler.plugin.version}</version>
            <configuration>
                <source>17</source>
                <target>17</target>
                <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
                <compilerArgs>
                    <arg>-parameters</arg>  <!-- 保留參數名稱 -->
                </compilerArgs>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
        
        <!-- Maven Surefire Plugin（測試） -->
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>3.5.4</version>
            <configuration>
                <includes>
                    <include>**/*Test.java</include>
                    <include>**/*Tests.java</include>
                </includes>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
        
        <!-- Maven JAR Plugin -->
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>3.5.0</version>
            <configuration>
                <archive>
                    <manifest>
                        <mainClass>com.tutorial.java.Main</mainClass>
                        <addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
                    </manifest>
                </archive>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <!-- 專案座標：清楚識別這是教學專案 -->
    <groupId>com.tutorial.java</groupId>
    <artifactId>java-vscode-tutorial</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <!-- 專案描述：說明專案目的 -->
    <name>Java VS Code Tutorial</name>
    <description>一個教學專案，幫助成員學習如何使用 VS Code 撰寫 Java 程式</description>

    <!-- 統一設定：確保所有開發人員使用相同版本 -->
    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <junit.version>5.11.4</junit.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- 測試框架：使用最新的 JUnit 5 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
            <version>${junit.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        
        <!-- 日誌框架：企業級日誌管理 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
            <version>2.24.3</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

validate → compile → test → package → verify → install → deploy

# 清理 target 目錄
mvn clean

# 清理並顯示詳細輸出
mvn clean -X

# 只清理不編譯
mvn clean -Dmaven.test.skip=true

# 編譯主要原始碼（到 target/classes/）
mvn compile

# 編譯測試程式碼（到 target/test-classes/）
mvn test-compile

# 清理後編譯
mvn clean compile

# 執行所有測試
mvn test

# 跳過測試
mvn compile -Dmaven.test.skip=true

# 只編譯不執行測試
mvn compile -DskipTests

# 執行特定測試類別
mvn test -Dtest=StudentTest

# 執行特定測試方法
mvn test -Dtest=StudentTest#testStudentCreation

# 並行執行測試
mvn test -T 4  # 使用 4 個執行緒

# 打包成 JAR 檔案
mvn package

# 清理後打包
mvn clean package

# 跳過測試打包
mvn package -DskipTests

# 打包並安裝到本地倉庫
mvn clean package install

# 安裝到本地倉庫（~/.m2/repository/）
mvn install

# 完整建置並安裝
mvn clean install

# 部署到遠端倉庫（需要配置）
mvn deploy

# 只安裝不執行測試
mvn install -DskipTests

# 顯示完整依賴樹
mvn dependency:tree

# 顯示特定依賴的路徑
mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter

# 顯示依賴衝突
mvn dependency:tree -Dverbose

# 輸出到檔案
mvn dependency:tree -DoutputFile=dependencies.txt

[INFO] com.tutorial.java:java-vscode-tutorial:jar:1.0.0
[INFO] +- org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:jar:5.11.4:test
[INFO] |  +- org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:jar:5.11.4:test
[INFO] |  +- org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params:jar:5.11.4:test
[INFO] |  \- org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:jar:5.11.4:test
[INFO] +- org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-core:jar:2.24.3:compile
[INFO] \- org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-api:jar:2.24.3:compile

# 分析已使用和未使用的依賴
mvn dependency:analyze

# 複製所有依賴到指定目錄
mvn dependency:copy-dependencies -DoutputDirectory=lib

# 下載原始碼
mvn dependency:sources

# 下載 JavaDoc
mvn dependency:resolve -Dclassifier=javadoc

# 清理本地倉庫的損壞檔案
mvn dependency:purge-local-repository

# 強制更新依賴
mvn clean install -U

# 檢查依賴更新
mvn versions:display-dependency-updates

# 使用 exec plugin 執行主類別
mvn exec:java -Dexec.mainClass="com.tutorial.java.Main"

# 傳遞參數
mvn exec:java -Dexec.mainClass="com.tutorial.java.Main" -Dexec.args="arg1 arg2"

# 使用專案設定的主類別（在 pom.xml 中已配置）
mvn exec:java

# 先打包
mvn clean package

# 執行 JAR 檔案
java -jar target/java-vscode-tutorial-1.0.0.jar

# 或使用 Maven 執行
mvn exec:exec -Dexec.executable=java -Dexec.args="-jar target/java-vscode-tutorial-1.0.0.jar"

# 顯示專案有效的 POM
mvn help:effective-pom

# 顯示專案設定
mvn help:effective-settings

# 顯示系統屬性
mvn help:system

# 顯示 Maven 版本
mvn --version

# 列出所有可用的 goals
mvn help:describe -Dplugin=compiler

# 描述特定插件
mvn help:describe -Dplugin=org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-compiler-plugin -Ddetail

# 列出專案中使用的插件
mvn help:describe -Dcmd=compile

# 在根目錄建置所有模組
mvn clean install

# 只建置特定模組
mvn clean install -pl module-name

# 建置特定模組及其依賴
mvn clean install -pl module-name -am

# 建置依賴特定模組的所有模組
mvn clean install -pl module-name -amd

# 平行建置（使用多個執行緒）
mvn clean install -T 4

# 離線模式（不檢查遠端更新）
mvn clean install -o

# 靜默模式（減少輸出）
mvn clean install -q

# 批次模式（非互動模式）
mvn clean install -B

# 使用特定設定檔
mvn clean install -P production

# 使用多個設定檔
mvn clean install -P prod,security

# 列出可用的設定檔
mvn help:active-profiles

# 1. 獲取最新程式碼
git pull

# 2. 清理並編譯
mvn clean compile

# 3. 執行測試
mvn test

# 4. 打包（如果需要）
mvn package

# 1. 建立新分支
git checkout -b feature/new-feature

# 2. 開發過程中頻繁測試
mvn test -Dtest=NewFeatureTest

# 3. 完成後完整測試
mvn clean test

# 4. 確認可以正常打包
mvn clean package

# 5. 提交程式碼
git add .
git commit -m "Add new feature"
git push origin feature/new-feature

# 1. 完整建置和測試
mvn clean install

# 2. 檢查依賴安全性
mvn dependency:analyze

# 3. 產生報告
mvn site

# 4. 打包發布版本
mvn clean package -Prelease

{
    "label": "編譯專案",
    "type": "shell",
    "command": "mvn",
    "args": ["compile"],
    "group": "build"
}

# 在專案根目錄執行
mvn wrapper:wrapper

# 指定特定 Maven 版本
mvn wrapper:wrapper -Dmaven=3.9.12

.mvn/
├── wrapper/
│   ├── maven-wrapper.jar
│   └── maven-wrapper.properties
├── mvnw         # Linux/Mac 執行檔
└── mvnw.cmd     # Windows 執行檔

# Linux/Mac
./mvnw clean install

# Windows
mvnw.cmd clean install

name: CI

on:
  push:
    branches: [ master, develop ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ master ]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    
    - name: Set up JDK 17
      uses: actions/setup-java@v4
      with:
        java-version: '17'
        distribution: 'temurin'
        
    - name: Cache Maven packages
      uses: actions/cache@v3
      with:
        path: ~/.m2
        key: ${{ runner.os }}-m2-${{ hashFiles('**/pom.xml') }}
        restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-m2
        
    - name: Run tests
      run: ./mvnw clean test
      
    - name: Generate test report
      uses: dorny/test-reporter@v1
      if: success() || failure()
      with:
        name: Maven Tests
        path: target/surefire-reports/*.xml
        reporter: java-junit

image: maven:3.9.12-openjdk-17

variables:
  MAVEN_OPTS: "-Dmaven.repo.local=$CI_PROJECT_DIR/.m2/repository"

cache:
  paths:
    - .m2/repository/

stages:
  - test
  - build
  - deploy

test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - mvn clean test
  artifacts:
    reports:
      junit: target/surefire-reports/TEST-*.xml

build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - mvn clean package
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - target/*.jar

<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Boot BOM -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
            <version>2.7.18</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<properties>
    <!-- Java 相關 -->
    <java.version>17</java.version>
    <maven.compiler.source>${java.version}</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>${java.version}</maven.compiler.target>
    
    <!-- 測試框架 -->
    <junit.version>5.11.4</junit.version>
    <mockito.version>5.15.2</mockito.version>
    
    <!-- 日誌框架 -->
    <log4j.version>2.24.3</log4j.version>
    
    <!-- 工具類庫 -->
    <jackson.version>2.18.2</jackson.version>
    <apache.commons.version>3.17.0</apache.commons.version>
</properties>

# 多階段建置
FROM maven:3.9.12-openjdk-17-slim AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY pom.xml .
COPY src ./src
RUN mvn clean package -DskipTests

FROM openjdk:17-jre-slim
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=build /app/target/java-vscode-tutorial-1.0.0.jar app.jar
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]

<plugin>
    <groupId>com.google.cloud.tools</groupId>
    <artifactId>jib-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.4.4</version>
    <configuration>
        <from>
            <image>openjdk:17-jre-slim</image>
        </from>
        <to>
            <image>java-tutorial</image>
            <tags>
                <tag>latest</tag>
                <tag>${project.version}</tag>
            </tags>
        </to>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

# 建置到本地 Docker
mvn jib:dockerBuild

# 建置並推送到 Registry
mvn jib:build

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.owasp</groupId>
    <artifactId>dependency-check-maven</artifactId>
    <version>11.1.1</version>
    <configuration>
        <format>ALL</format>
        <outputDirectory>target/dependency-check</outputDirectory>
        <suppressionFile>dependency-check-suppressions.xml</suppressionFile>
    </configuration>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <goals>
                <goal>check</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

mvn dependency-check:check

# 建立主密碼
mvn --encrypt-master-password <password>

# 加密伺服器密碼
mvn --encrypt-password <password>

<plugin>
    <groupId>co.leantechniques</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-buildtime-extension</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.5</version>
    <extensions>true</extensions>
</plugin>

# 增加堆記憶體
export MAVEN_OPTS="-Xmx2g -Xms512m -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=512m"

# 啟用 G1GC
export MAVEN_OPTS="$MAVEN_OPTS -XX:+UseG1GC"

<profiles>
    <!-- 開發環境 -->
    <profile>
        <id>dev</id>
        <activation>
            <activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault>
        </activation>
        <properties>
            <spring.profiles.active>dev</spring.profiles.active>
            <log.level>DEBUG</log.level>
            <database.url>jdbc:h2:mem:testdb</database.url>
        </properties>
    </profile>
    
    <!-- 測試環境 -->
    <profile>
        <id>test</id>
        <properties>
            <spring.profiles.active>test</spring.profiles.active>
            <log.level>INFO</log.level>
            <database.url>jdbc:mysql://test-db:3306/testdb</database.url>
        </properties>
        <build>
            <plugins>
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
                    <artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                    <executions>
                        <execution>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>prepare-agent</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                        <execution>
                            <id>report</id>
                            <phase>test</phase>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>report</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                    </executions>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </build>
    </profile>
    
    <!-- 生產環境 -->
    <profile>
        <id>prod</id>
        <properties>
            <spring.profiles.active>prod</spring.profiles.active>
            <log.level>WARN</log.level>
            <maven.test.skip>true</maven.test.skip>
        </properties>
        <build>
            <plugins>
                <!-- 安全性掃描 -->
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.owasp</groupId>
                    <artifactId>dependency-check-maven</artifactId>
                    <executions>
                        <execution>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>check</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                    </executions>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </build>
    </profile>
</profiles>

# 使用測試環境設定
mvn clean package -Ptest

# 使用生產環境設定
mvn clean package -Pprod

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.sonarsource.scanner.maven</groupId>
    <artifactId>sonar-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>4.0.0.4121</version>
</plugin>

mvn sonar:sonar \
  -Dsonar.projectKey=java-tutorial \
  -Dsonar.host.url=http://localhost:9000 \
  -Dsonar.login=your-token

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>
    <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
    <version>1.20.4</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>
    <artifactId>mysql</artifactId>
    <version>1.20.4</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

@Testcontainers
class DatabaseIntegrationTest {
    
    @Container
    static MySQLContainer<?> mysql = new MySQLContainer<>("mysql:8.0")
            .withDatabaseName("testdb")
            .withUsername("test")
            .withPassword("test");
    
    @Test
    void testDatabaseConnection() {
        String jdbcUrl = mysql.getJdbcUrl();
        // 測試邏輯...
    }
}

# 使用 SDKMAN
sdk install mvnd

# 或下載並設定
curl -s "https://get.sdkman.io" | bash
sdk install mvnd

mvnd clean install  # 更快的建置速度

<!-- 在 pom.xml 中設定平行建置 -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
    <configuration>
        <parallel>methods</parallel>
        <threadCount>4</threadCount>
        <forkCount>2C</forkCount>
        <reuseForks>true</reuseForks>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

# 使用所有 CPU 核心
mvn clean install -T 1C

# 使用 4 個執行緒
mvn clean install -T 4

microservices-project/
├── pom.xml                 # 父 POM
├── common/                 # 共用模組
│   └── pom.xml
├── user-service/           # 使用者服務
│   └── pom.xml
├── order-service/          # 訂單服務
│   └── pom.xml
└── gateway/                # API 閘道
    └── pom.xml

<packaging>pom</packaging>

<modules>
    <module>common</module>
    <module>user-service</module>
    <module>order-service</module>
    <module>gateway</module>
</modules>

<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
            <version>2.7.18</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

FROM openjdk:17-jre-slim
COPY target/*.jar app.jar
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "/app.jar"]

version: '3.8'
services:
  user-service:
    build: ./user-service
    ports:
      - "8081:8080"
    environment:
      - SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE=docker
      
  order-service:
    build: ./order-service
    ports:
      - "8082:8080"
    environment:
      - SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE=docker

<dependencies>
    <!-- 主要功能：使用 compile scope -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
        <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId>
        <version>${apache.commons.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 測試專用：使用 test scope -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
        <version>${junit.version}</version>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 運行時需要：使用 runtime scope -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>mysql</groupId>
        <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        <version>8.4.0</version>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 容器提供：使用 provided scope -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
        <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
        <version>4.0.1</version>
        <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
    <version>5.3.39</version>
    <exclusions>
        <!-- 排除內建的 commons-logging，使用 slf4j -->
        <exclusion>
            <groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
        </exclusion>
    </exclusions>
</dependency>

# 檢視完整依賴樹
mvn dependency:tree -Dverbose

# 分析依賴衝突
mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes=*:*:*:*:compile | grep "conflict"

# 檢查重複依賴
mvn dependency:analyze-duplicate

<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-core</artifactId>
            <version>2.18.2</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
    <version>5.3.39</version>
    <exclusions>
        <exclusion>
            <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-core</artifactId>
        </exclusion>
    </exclusions>
</dependency>

<!-- 使用 Maven Enforcer Plugin 確保依賴收斂 -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-enforcer-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.0</version>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <id>enforce-dependency-convergence</id>
            <goals>
                <goal>enforce</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
                <rules>
                    <dependencyConvergence/>
                    <requireMavenVersion>
                        <version>3.6.0</version>
                    </requireMavenVersion>
                    <requireJavaVersion>
                        <version>17</version>
                    </requireJavaVersion>
                </rules>
            </configuration>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.15.0</version>
    <configuration>
        <source>17</source>
        <target>17</target>
        <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
        <compilerArgs>
            <!-- 啟用所有建議的警告 -->
            <arg>-Xlint:all</arg>
            <!-- 將警告視為錯誤 -->
            <arg>-Werror</arg>
            <!-- 保留參數名稱 -->
            <arg>-parameters</arg>
        </compilerArgs>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.4</version>
    <configuration>
        <!-- 平行執行測試 -->
        <parallel>methods</parallel>
        <threadCount>4</threadCount>
        
        <!-- 測試失敗時繼續執行 -->
        <testFailureIgnore>false</testFailureIgnore>
        
        <!-- 包含/排除測試 -->
        <includes>
            <include>**/*Test.java</include>
            <include>**/*Tests.java</include>
        </includes>
        
        <!-- 產生測試報告 -->
        <reportFormat>xml</reportFormat>
        <reportFormat>plain</reportFormat>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

<!-- 建立可執行 JAR -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.6.0</version>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <phase>package</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>shade</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
                <transformers>
                    <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
                        <mainClass>com.tutorial.java.Main</mainClass>
                    </transformer>
                </transformers>
                <!-- 縮小 JAR 檔案大小 -->
                <minimizeJar>true</minimizeJar>
            </configuration>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-checkstyle-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.6.0</version>
    <configuration>
        <configLocation>checkstyle.xml</configLocation>
        <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
        <consoleOutput>true</consoleOutput>
        <failsOnError>true</failsOnError>
    </configuration>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <id>validate</id>
            <phase>validate</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>check</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
    <artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>0.8.12</version>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <goals>
                <goal>prepare-agent</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
        <execution>
            <id>report</id>
            <phase>test</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>report</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
        <execution>
            <id>check</id>
            <goals>
                <goal>check</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
                <rules>
                    <rule>
                        <element>PACKAGE</element>
                        <limits>
                            <limit>
                                <counter>LINE</counter>
                                <value>COVEREDRATIO</value>
                                <minimum>0.80</minimum>
                            </limit>
                        </limits>
                    </rule>
                </rules>
            </configuration>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<settings>
    <!-- 伺服器認證 -->
    <servers>
        <server>
            <id>company-nexus</id>
            <username>${env.NEXUS_USERNAME}</username>
            <password>${env.NEXUS_PASSWORD}</password>
        </server>
    </servers>
    
    <!-- 鏡像設定 -->
    <mirrors>
        <mirror>
            <id>company-nexus</id>
            <name>Company Nexus Repository</name>
            <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-public/</url>
            <mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf>
        </mirror>
    </mirrors>
    
    <!-- 設定檔 -->
    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>company</id>
            <repositories>
                <repository>
                    <id>company-releases</id>
                    <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-releases/</url>
                    <releases><enabled>true</enabled></releases>
                    <snapshots><enabled>false</enabled></snapshots>
                </repository>
                <repository>
                    <id>company-snapshots</id>
                    <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-snapshots/</url>
                    <releases><enabled>false</enabled></releases>
                    <snapshots><enabled>true</enabled></snapshots>
                </repository>
            </repositories>
        </profile>
    </profiles>
    
    <activeProfiles>
        <activeProfile>company</activeProfile>
    </activeProfiles>
</settings>

<distributionManagement>
    <repository>
        <id>company-nexus</id>
        <name>Company Releases</name>
        <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-releases/</url>
    </repository>
    <snapshotRepository>
        <id>company-nexus</id>
        <name>Company Snapshots</name>
        <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-snapshots/</url>
    </snapshotRepository>
</distributionManagement>

<profiles>
    <!-- 開發環境 -->
    <profile>
        <id>development</id>
        <activation>
            <activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault>
        </activation>
        <properties>
            <spring.profiles.active>dev</spring.profiles.active>
            <log.level>DEBUG</log.level>
        </properties>
    </profile>
    
    <!-- 測試環境 -->
    <profile>
        <id>test</id>
        <properties>
            <spring.profiles.active>test</spring.profiles.active>
            <log.level>INFO</log.level>
        </properties>
    </profile>
    
    <!-- 生產環境 -->
    <profile>
        <id>production</id>
        <properties>
            <spring.profiles.active>prod</spring.profiles.active>
            <log.level>WARN</log.level>
        </properties>
        <build>
            <plugins>
                <!-- 生產環境額外的安全檢查 -->
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.owasp</groupId>
                    <artifactId>dependency-check-maven</artifactId>
                    <version>11.1.1</version>
                    <executions>
                        <execution>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>check</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                    </executions>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </build>
    </profile>
</profiles>

[ERROR] Source option 17 is no longer supported. Use 8 or later.
[ERROR] Target option 17 is no longer supported. Use 8 or later.

[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8

<properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
</properties>

[ERROR] package com.tutorial.java does not exist

[ERROR] Could not resolve dependencies for project com.tutorial:java-tutorial:jar:1.0.0: 
Could not find artifact org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:jar:5.11.4

[WARNING] The POM for org.springframework:spring-core:jar:5.2.0.RELEASE is invalid

java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.slf4j.Logger

[ERROR] No tests were executed!

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/junit/platform/engine/TestEngine

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
    <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
    <version>5.11.4</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space

[ERROR] Could not transfer artifact from/to central

<proxies>
    <proxy>
        <id>company-proxy</id>
        <active>true</active>
        <protocol>http</protocol>
        <host>proxy.company.com</host>
        <port>8080</port>
        <username>proxyuser</username>
        <password>proxypass</password>
        <nonProxyHosts>localhost|127.0.0.1|*.company.com</nonProxyHosts>
    </proxy>
</proxies>

sun.security.validator.ValidatorException: PKIX path building failed

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <!-- 專案基本資訊 -->
    <groupId>com.tutorial.java</groupId>
    <artifactId>java-vscode-tutorial</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>Java VS Code Tutorial</name>
    <description>一個完整的 Java 教學專案，展示 Maven 的使用</description>
    <url>https://github.com/company/java-tutorial</url>

    <!-- 屬性設定 -->
    <properties>
        <!-- Java 版本 -->
        <java.version>17</java.version>
        <maven.compiler.source>${java.version}</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>${java.version}</maven.compiler.target>
        
        <!-- 編碼設定 -->
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        
        <!-- 依賴版本 -->
        <junit.version>5.11.4</junit.version>
        <log4j.version>2.24.3</log4j.version>
        <maven.compiler.plugin.version>3.15.0</maven.compiler.plugin.version>
        <maven.surefire.plugin.version>3.5.4</maven.surefire.plugin.version>
    </properties>

    <!-- 依賴管理 -->
    <dependencies>
        <!-- 測試框架 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
            <version>${junit.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        
        <!-- 日誌框架 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
            <version>${log4j.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j-api</artifactId>
            <version>${log4j.version}</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <!-- 建置設定 -->
    <build>
        <finalName>${project.artifactId}</finalName>
        
        <plugins>
            <!-- Maven Compiler Plugin -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven.compiler.plugin.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <source>${java.version}</source>
                    <target>${java.version}</target>
                    <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            
            <!-- Maven Surefire Plugin -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven.surefire.plugin.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <includes>
                        <include>**/*Test.java</include>
                        <include>**/*Tests.java</include>
                    </includes>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<settings xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/SETTINGS/1.0.0"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/SETTINGS/1.0.0 
          http://maven.apache.org/xsd/settings-1.0.0.xsd">
    
    <!-- 本地倉庫位置 -->
    <localRepository>${user.home}/.m2/repository</localRepository>
    
    <!-- 是否與使用者互動 -->
    <interactiveMode>true</interactiveMode>
    
    <!-- 是否使用插件註冊表 -->
    <usePluginRegistry>false</usePluginRegistry>
    
    <!-- 是否離線模式 -->
    <offline>false</offline>
    
    <!-- 伺服器認證設定 -->
    <servers>
        <server>
            <id>company-nexus</id>
            <username>${env.NEXUS_USERNAME}</username>
            <password>${env.NEXUS_PASSWORD}</password>
        </server>
    </servers>
    
    <!-- 鏡像設定 -->
    <mirrors>
        <mirror>
            <id>aliyun-maven</id>
            <name>Aliyun Maven Mirror</name>
            <url>https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/central</url>
            <mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf>
        </mirror>
    </mirrors>
    
    <!-- 代理設定 -->
    <proxies>
        <!-- 如果需要代理伺服器，取消註解並設定 -->
        <!--
        <proxy>
            <id>company-proxy</id>
            <active>true</active>
            <protocol>http</protocol>
            <host>proxy.company.com</host>
            <port>8080</port>
        </proxy>
        -->
    </proxies>
    
    <!-- 設定檔 -->
    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>development</id>
            <activation>
                <activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault>
            </activation>
            <properties>
                <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
                <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
                <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
            </properties>
        </profile>
    </profiles>
    
    <!-- 啟用的設定檔 -->
    <activeProfiles>
        <activeProfile>development</activeProfile>
    </activeProfiles>
</settings>

# Maven
target/
pom.xml.tag
pom.xml.releaseBackup
pom.xml.versionsBackup
pom.xml.next
release.properties
dependency-reduced-pom.xml
buildNumber.properties
.mvn/timing.properties
.mvn/wrapper/maven-wrapper.jar

# IDE
.idea/
*.iml
.vscode/
!.vscode/settings.json
!.vscode/tasks.json
!.vscode/launch.json
!.vscode/extensions.json

# OS
.DS_Store
Thumbs.db

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <!-- 基本資訊 -->
    <groupId>com.company.project</groupId>
    <artifactId>my-project</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <!-- 屬性 -->
    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    </properties>

    <!-- 依賴 -->
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
            <version>5.11.4</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <!-- 建置設定 -->
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.15.0</version>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

# 快速開始新專案
mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=com.example -DartifactId=my-app -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart -DinteractiveMode=false

# 只運行特定測試類別的特定方法
mvn test -Dtest=UserServiceTest#testCreateUser

# 產生依賴報告
mvn dependency:tree > dependencies.txt

# 檢查程式碼覆蓋率
mvn clean test jacoco:report

# 建置並跳過所有檢查（僅限開發階段）
mvn clean package -DskipTests -Dcheckstyle.skip -Dpmd.skip

set JAVA_HOME=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-17
set MAVEN_HOME=C:\Program Files\Apache\Maven\apache-maven-3.9.12
set MAVEN_OPTS=-Xmx2g -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=512m

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk
export MAVEN_HOME=/opt/maven
export MAVEN_OPTS="-Xmx2g -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=512m"

# 建立基礎專案
mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=com.tutorial.archetype \
  -DartifactId=tutorial-archetype \
  -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart \
  -DinteractiveMode=false

tutorial-archetype/
├── pom.xml
├── src/
│   └── main/
│       ├── java/
│       │   └── App.java
│       └── resources/
│           ├── archetype-resources/
│           │   ├── pom.xml
│           │   └── src/
│           │       ├── main/java/__packageInPathFormat__/
│           │       │   └── ${artifactId}Application.java
│           │       └── test/java/__packageInPathFormat__/
│           │           └── ${artifactId}ApplicationTest.java
│           └── META-INF/
│               └── maven/
│                   └── archetype-metadata.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<archetype-descriptor xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-archetype-plugin/archetype-descriptor/1.0.0"
                      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                      xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-archetype-plugin/archetype-descriptor/1.0.0
                      http://maven.apache.org/xsd/archetype-descriptor-1.0.0.xsd"
                      name="tutorial-archetype">
    
    <requiredProperties>
        <requiredProperty key="groupId"/>
        <requiredProperty key="artifactId"/>
        <requiredProperty key="package"/>
        <requiredProperty key="version"/>
    </requiredProperties>
    
    <fileSets>
        <fileSet filtered="true" packaged="true">
            <directory>src/main/java</directory>
            <includes>
                <include>**/*.java</include>
            </includes>
        </fileSet>
        <fileSet filtered="true" packaged="true">
            <directory>src/test/java</directory>
            <includes>
                <include>**/*.java</include>
            </includes>
        </fileSet>
        <fileSet filtered="true">
            <directory>src/main/resources</directory>
            <includes>
                <include>**/*</include>
            </includes>
        </fileSet>
    </fileSets>
</archetype-descriptor>

custom-maven-plugin/
├── pom.xml
└── src/
    └── main/
        └── java/
            └── com/tutorial/plugin/
                └── CustomMojo.java

<project>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.tutorial</groupId>
    <artifactId>custom-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>maven-plugin</packaging>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-plugin-api</artifactId>
            <version>3.9.12</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugin-tools</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-plugin-annotations</artifactId>
            <version>3.15.0</version>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-plugin-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.15.0</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>default-descriptor</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>descriptor</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

package com.tutorial.plugin;

import org.apache.maven.plugin.AbstractMojo;
import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Mojo;
import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Parameter;

/**
 * 自定義 Maven 插件範例
 */
@Mojo(name = "greet")
public class CustomMojo extends AbstractMojo {
    
    @Parameter(property = "greeting", defaultValue = "Hello, World!")
    private String greeting;
    
    @Parameter(property = "name", required = true)
    private String name;

    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException {
        getLog().info(String.format("%s, %s!", greeting, name));
    }
}

<plugin>
    <groupId>com.tutorial</groupId>
    <artifactId>custom-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <configuration>
        <name>Developer</name>
        <greeting>Welcome</greeting>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>2.7.18</version>
    <configuration>
        <mainClass>com.tutorial.Application</mainClass>
        <executable>true</executable>
        <excludes>
            <exclude>
                <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
                <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
            </exclude>
        </excludes>
    </configuration>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <goals>
                <goal>repackage</goal>
                <goal>build-info</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<profiles>
    <profile>
        <id>dev</id>
        <activation>
            <activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault>
        </activation>
        <properties>
            <spring.profiles.active>dev</spring.profiles.active>
            <database.url>jdbc:h2:mem:devdb</database.url>
        </properties>
    </profile>
    
    <profile>
        <id>prod</id>
        <properties>
            <spring.profiles.active>prod</spring.profiles.active>
            <database.url>jdbc:mysql://prod-db:3306/proddb</database.url>
        </properties>
        <build>
            <resources>
                <resource>
                    <directory>src/main/resources</directory>
                    <filtering>true</filtering>
                    <excludes>
                        <exclude>application-dev.yml</exclude>
                        <exclude>application-test.yml</exclude>
                    </excludes>
                </resource>
            </resources>
        </build>
    </profile>
</profiles>

<plugin>
    <groupId>io.fabric8</groupId>
    <artifactId>docker-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>0.45.1</version>
    <configuration>
        <images>
            <image>
                <name>tutorial/java-app:${project.version}</name>
                <build>
                    <from>openjdk:17-jre-alpine</from>
                    <assembly>
                        <descriptorRef>artifact</descriptorRef>
                    </assembly>
                    <cmd>
                        <shell>java -jar maven/${project.build.finalName}.jar</shell>
                    </cmd>
                </build>
                <run>
                    <ports>
                        <port>8080:8080</port>
                    </ports>
                </run>
            </image>
        </images>
    </configuration>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <id>build-docker-image</id>
            <phase>package</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>build</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: java-tutorial-app
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: java-tutorial
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: java-tutorial
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: tutorial/java-app:${project.version}
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
        env:
        - name: SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE
          value: "kubernetes"

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <id>filter-k8s-resources</id>
            <phase>process-resources</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>copy-resources</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
                <outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/k8s</outputDirectory>
                <resources>
                    <resource>
                        <directory>src/main/k8s</directory>
                        <filtering>true</filtering>
                    </resource>
                </resources>
            </configuration>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<settings>
    <servers>
        <server>
            <id>nexus-releases</id>
            <username>${env.NEXUS_USERNAME}</username>
            <password>${env.NEXUS_PASSWORD}</password>
        </server>
        <server>
            <id>nexus-snapshots</id>
            <username>${env.NEXUS_USERNAME}</username>
            <password>${env.NEXUS_PASSWORD}</password>
        </server>
    </servers>
    
    <mirrors>
        <mirror>
            <id>nexus-public</id>
            <mirrorOf>*</mirrorOf>
            <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-public/</url>
        </mirror>
    </mirrors>
    
    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>nexus</id>
            <repositories>
                <repository>
                    <id>nexus-public</id>
                    <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-public/</url>
                    <releases><enabled>true</enabled></releases>
                    <snapshots><enabled>true</enabled></snapshots>
                </repository>
            </repositories>
            <pluginRepositories>
                <pluginRepository>
                    <id>nexus-public</id>
                    <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-public/</url>
                    <releases><enabled>true</enabled></releases>
                    <snapshots><enabled>true</enabled></snapshots>
                </pluginRepository>
            </pluginRepositories>
        </profile>
    </profiles>
    
    <activeProfiles>
        <activeProfile>nexus</activeProfile>
    </activeProfiles>
</settings>

<!-- 父 POM 中的分發管理 -->
<distributionManagement>
    <repository>
        <id>nexus-releases</id>
        <name>Corporate Releases</name>
        <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-releases/</url>
    </repository>
    <snapshotRepository>
        <id>nexus-snapshots</id>
        <name>Corporate Snapshots</name>
        <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-snapshots/</url>
    </snapshotRepository>
</distributionManagement>

<!-- 版本發布插件 -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-release-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.1.1</version>
    <configuration>
        <tagNameFormat>v@{project.version}</tagNameFormat>
        <autoVersionSubmodules>true</autoVersionSubmodules>
        <releaseProfiles>release</releaseProfiles>
        <goals>deploy</goals>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-enforcer-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.0</version>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <id>enforce-rules</id>
            <goals>
                <goal>enforce</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
                <rules>
                    <!-- 確保 Maven 版本 -->
                    <requireMavenVersion>
                        <version>[3.8.0,)</version>
                    </requireMavenVersion>
                    
                    <!-- 確保 Java 版本 -->
                    <requireJavaVersion>
                        <version>[17,)</version>
                    </requireJavaVersion>
                    
                    <!-- 禁止重複依賴 -->
                    <banDuplicatePomDependencyVersions/>
                    
                    <!-- 依賴收斂 -->
                    <dependencyConvergence/>
                    
                    <!-- 禁止特定依賴 -->
                    <bannedDependencies>
                        <excludes>
                            <exclude>commons-logging:commons-logging</exclude>
                            <exclude>log4j:log4j</exclude>
                        </excludes>
                    </bannedDependencies>
                </rules>
            </configuration>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<!-- 開發版本 -->
<version>1.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

<!-- 發布候選版本 -->
<version>1.2.0-RC1</version>

<!-- 正式版本 -->
<version>1.2.0</version>

<!-- 熱修復版本 -->
<version>1.2.1</version>

# 準備發布（更新版本號、建立標籤）
mvn release:prepare

# 執行發布（建置並部署）
mvn release:perform

# 回滾發布（如果出現問題）
mvn release:rollback

# 更新版本號
mvn versions:set -DnewVersion=1.2.0

# 確認更新
mvn versions:commit

# 如果需要回滾
mvn versions:revert

name: CI/CD Pipeline

on:
  push:
    branches: [ main, develop ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ main ]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    strategy:
      matrix:
        java-version: [11, 17, 21]
    
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    
    - name: Set up JDK ${{ matrix.java-version }}
      uses: actions/setup-java@v4
      with:
        java-version: ${{ matrix.java-version }}
        distribution: 'temurin'
        
    - name: Cache Maven packages
      uses: actions/cache@v3
      with:
        path: ~/.m2
        key: ${{ runner.os }}-m2-${{ hashFiles('**/pom.xml') }}
        
    - name: Run tests
      run: mvn clean verify
      
    - name: Generate test report
      uses: dorny/test-reporter@v1
      if: success() || failure()
      with:
        name: Maven Tests (JDK ${{ matrix.java-version }})
        path: target/surefire-reports/*.xml
        reporter: java-junit
        
    - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
      if: matrix.java-version == '17'
      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
      with:
        file: target/site/jacoco/jacoco.xml

  build-and-deploy:
    needs: test
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
    
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    
    - name: Set up JDK 17
      uses: actions/setup-java@v4
      with:
        java-version: '17'
        distribution: 'temurin'
        
    - name: Cache Maven packages
      uses: actions/cache@v3
      with:
        path: ~/.m2
        key: ${{ runner.os }}-m2-${{ hashFiles('**/pom.xml') }}
        
    - name: Build and package
      run: mvn clean package -DskipTests
      
    - name: Build Docker image
      run: |
        mvn docker:build
        docker tag tutorial/java-app:latest tutorial/java-app:${{ github.sha }}
        
    - name: Deploy to staging
      run: |
        # 部署到測試環境
        kubectl apply -f k8s/staging/

<!-- 單元測試 -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.4</version>
    <configuration>
        <includes>
            <include>**/*Test.java</include>
            <include>**/*Tests.java</include>
        </includes>
        <excludes>
            <exclude>**/*IntegrationTest.java</exclude>
            <exclude>**/*IT.java</exclude>
        </excludes>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

<!-- 整合測試 -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-failsafe-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.4</version>
    <configuration>
        <includes>
            <include>**/*IntegrationTest.java</include>
            <include>**/*IT.java</include>
        </includes>
    </configuration>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <goals>
                <goal>integration-test</goal>
                <goal>verify</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<profiles>
    <!-- 快速測試（只執行單元測試） -->
    <profile>
        <id>fast</id>
        <properties>
            <skipITs>true</skipITs>
            <maven.test.failure.ignore>false</maven.test.failure.ignore>
        </properties>
    </profile>
    
    <!-- 完整測試（包含整合測試） -->
    <profile>
        <id>full</id>
        <properties>
            <skipITs>false</skipITs>
        </properties>
        <build>
            <plugins>
                <!-- Testcontainers 支援 -->
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                    <executions>
                        <execution>
                            <id>start-spring-boot</id>
                            <phase>pre-integration-test</phase>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>start</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                        <execution>
                            <id>stop-spring-boot</id>
                            <phase>post-integration-test</phase>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>stop</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                    </executions>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </build>
    </profile>
</profiles>

<!-- 測試覆蓋率報告 -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
    <artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>0.8.12</version>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <goals>
                <goal>prepare-agent</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
        <execution>
            <id>report</id>
            <phase>test</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>report</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
        <execution>
            <id>integration-test-coverage</id>
            <phase>post-integration-test</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>report-integration</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<!-- 整合所有報告 -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-site-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>4.0.0-M9</version>
    <configuration>
        <reportPlugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-report-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.5.4</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
                <artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <reportSets>
                    <reportSet>
                        <reports>
                            <report>report</report>
                        </reports>
                    </reportSet>
                </reportSets>
            </plugin>
        </reportPlugins>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

src/
  main/
    java/
      module-info.java
      com/
        tutorial/
          java/
            App.java
    resources/
  test/
    java/
      com/
        tutorial/
          java/
            AppTest.java

module com.tutorial.java {
    requires java.base;
    requires java.logging;
    requires org.apache.logging.log4j;
    
    exports com.tutorial.java;
    exports com.tutorial.java.util;
    
    // 僅供測試使用
    opens com.tutorial.java to junit;
}

<properties>
    <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
    <maven.compiler.release>17</maven.compiler.release>
</properties>

<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>3.15.0</version>
            <configuration>
                <release>17</release>
                <compilerArgs>
                    <arg>--enable-preview</arg>
                </compilerArgs>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
        
        <!-- 模組路徑支援 -->
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>3.5.4</version>
            <configuration>
                <useModulePath>true</useModulePath>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF8"?>
<toolchains>
    <toolchain>
        <type>jdk</type>
        <provides>
            <version>17</version>
        </provides>
        <configuration>
            <jdkHome>C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-17</jdkHome>
        </configuration>
    </toolchain>
    <toolchain>
        <type>jdk</type>
        <provides>
            <version>21</version>
        </provides>
        <configuration>
            <jdkHome>C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-21</jdkHome>
        </configuration>
    </toolchain>
</toolchains>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-toolchains-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.2.0</version>
    <configuration>
        <toolchains>
            <jdk>
                <version>17</version>
            </jdk>
        </toolchains>
    </configuration>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <goals>
                <goal>toolchain</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.15.0</version>
    <configuration>
        <compilerArgs>
            <arg>--enable-preview</arg>
        </compilerArgs>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.4</version>
    <configuration>
        <argLine>--enable-preview</argLine>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

// src/main/java/com/tutorial/java/model/Student.java
package com.tutorial.java.model;

/**
 * 學生記錄類別
 * @param id 學生編號
 * @param name 學生姓名
 * @param age 學生年齡
 */
public record Student(Long id, String name, int age) {
    
    // 驗證邏輯
    public Student {
        if (age < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("年齡不能為負數");
        }
        if (name == null || name.trim().isEmpty()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("姓名不能為空");
        }
    }
    
    // 自訂方法
    public boolean isAdult() {
        return age >= 18;
    }
}

@Test
void testJsonParsing() {
    String jsonData = """
        {
            "id": 1,
            "name": "張三",
            "age": 20,
            "courses": [
                "Java程式設計",
                "資料結構"
            ]
        }
        """;
    
    // 測試 JSON 解析
    Student student = parseJson(jsonData);
    assertEquals("張三", student.name());
}

<properties>
    <maven.compiler.source>21</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>21</maven.compiler.target>
    <maven.compiler.release>21</maven.compiler.release>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <!-- 為了更好的並行處理支援 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
        <version>5.11.4</version>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

// src/main/java/com/tutorial/java/concurrent/VirtualThreadExample.java
package com.tutorial.java.concurrent;

import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

public class VirtualThreadExample {
    
    public void demonstrateVirtualThreads() {
        try (var executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
            
            // 建立大量虛擬執行緒
            IntStream.range(0, 10_000)
                .forEach(i -> executor.submit(() -> {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
                        System.out.println("任務 " + i + " 完成");
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                    }
                }));
        }
    }
}

@Test
void testVirtualThreadPerformance() throws InterruptedException {
    var startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    
    try (var executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
        var tasks = IntStream.range(0, 1000)
            .mapToObj(i -> executor.submit(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(100); // 模擬 I/O 操作
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                }
                return i;
            }))
            .toList();
        
        // 等待所有任務完成
        for (var task : tasks) {
            task.get();
        }
    }
    
    var endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    var duration = endTime - startTime;
    
    // 虛擬執行緒應該能在合理時間內完成
    assertTrue(duration < 5000, "執行時間過長: " + duration + "ms");
}

<!-- Maven 4 POM 模型 4.1.0 -->
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.1.0">
    <modelVersion>4.1.0</modelVersion>
    
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>my-app</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    
    <!-- Maven 4: 根 POM 標記 -->
    <root>true</root>
    
    <!-- Maven 4: CI-friendly 版本原生支援 -->
    <!-- 不再需要 flatten-maven-plugin -->
</project>

# 使用 Maven Upgrade Tool 檢查專案相容性
mvnup --check

# 自動更新 pom.xml 至 Maven 4 格式
mvnup --update

# 以相容模式執行（Maven 4 仍可讀取 modelVersion 4.0.0）
mvn4 clean install

# 安裝 Maven Daemon（目前穩定版 1.0.3）
# macOS
brew install mvnd

# Windows (使用 Chocolatey)
choco install mvndaemon

# 使用方式與 mvn 相同
mvnd clean install
mvnd test -T 1C

# 查看背景程序狀態
mvnd --status

# 使用所有可用的 CPU 核心
mvn clean install -T 1C

# 使用指定數量的執行緒
mvn clean install -T 4

# 在我們的專案中建議使用
mvn clean install -T 2C

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.15.0</version>
    <configuration>
        <useIncrementalCompilation>true</useIncrementalCompilation>
        <source>17</source>
        <target>17</target>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

set MAVEN_OPTS=-Xmx4g -Xms1g -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=512m -XX:+UseG1GC

export MAVEN_OPTS="-Xmx4g -Xms1g -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=512m -XX:+UseG1GC"

# 跳過測試和程式碼檢查（僅限開發階段）
mvn clean compile -DskipTests -Dcheckstyle.skip -Dpmd.skip -DskipITs

# 快速重新編譯
mvn compile -Dmaven.compiler.useIncrementalCompilation=true

# 清理損壞的依賴
mvn dependency:purge-local-repository

# 刪除舊版本（小心使用）
mvn dependency:purge-local-repository -DactTransitively=false

<!-- settings.xml -->
<mirrors>
    <mirror>
        <id>company-nexus</id>
        <name>Company Nexus Repository</name>
        <url>http://nexus.company.com/repository/maven-public/</url>
        <mirrorOf>*</mirrorOf>
    </mirror>
</mirrors>

<!-- 好的做法：使用固定版本 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
    <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
    <version>5.11.4</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<!-- 避免使用範圍版本 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
    <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
    <version>[5.0,6.0)</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<plugin>
    <groupId>co.leantechniques</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-buildtime-extension</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.5</version>
    <extensions>true</extensions>
</plugin>

# 詳細的建置時間報告
mvn clean install -Dmaven.buildtime.enabled=true

# 分析依賴解析時間
mvn dependency:resolve -X

# 查看插件執行時間
mvn clean install -Dmaven.buildtime.enabled=true -Dmaven.buildtime.print=true

#!/bin/bash
# build_monitor.sh

echo "開始建置監控 - $(date)"
start_time=$(date +%s)

mvn clean install -T 2C

end_time=$(date +%s)
duration=$((end_time - start_time))

echo "建置完成 - 耗時: ${duration} 秒"

# 記錄到日誌檔案
echo "$(date): 建置耗時 ${duration} 秒" >> build_times.log

# 監控 Maven 記憶體使用
mvn clean install -Dmaven.buildtime.enabled=true

# 使用 JVM 記憶體分析
mvn clean install -XX:+PrintGCDetails -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps

# 大型專案建議設定
export MAVEN_OPTS="-Xmx8g -Xms2g -XX:MetaspaceSize=512m -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:+UseJVMCICompiler"

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.4</version>
    <configuration>
        <argLine>
            -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions
            -XX:+UseEpsilonGC
            -Xmx512m
        </argLine>
        <forkedProcessExitTimeoutInSeconds>60</forkedProcessExitTimeoutInSeconds>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

# 使用詳細模式查看完整錯誤
mvn clean install -X > build.log 2>&1

# 驗證 Java 環境
java -version
echo $JAVA_HOME

# 驗證 Maven 環境
mvn -version

# 檢查專案結構
find . -name "pom.xml" -exec echo "Found POM: {}" \;

# 檢查編譯錯誤
mvn compile -X

# 常見解決方法
mvn clean compile  # 清理後重新編譯
mvn clean install -U  # 強制更新依賴

# 分析依賴衝突
mvn dependency:tree -Dverbose

# 排除衝突依賴
mvn dependency:analyze-duplicate

# 詳細輸出模式
mvn clean install -X

# 除錯特定插件
mvn clean install -Dmaven.plugin.debug=true

# 離線模式除錯
mvn clean install -o -X

# 檢查 Wrapper 版本
./mvnw --version

# 使用 Wrapper 除錯
./mvnw clean install -X

# 更新 Wrapper
./mvnw wrapper:wrapper -Dmaven=3.9.12

{
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "type": "java",
            "name": "Debug Maven Test",
            "request": "launch",
            "mainClass": "",
            "projectName": "java-vscode-tutorial",
            "args": "",
            "vmArgs": "-Dmaven.surefire.debug"
        }
    ]
}

# 錯誤級別（預設）
mvn clean install

# 警告級別
mvn clean install -q

# 資訊級別
mvn clean install -X

# 除錯級別
mvn clean install -X -e

[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] Total time: 45.123 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2025-08-29T10:30:00+08:00

[ERROR] BUILD FAILURE
[ERROR] Total time: 15.456 s
[ERROR] Failed to execute goal on project java-vscode-tutorial

[WARNING] Some problems were encountered while building the effective model
[WARNING] 'build.plugins.plugin.version' for org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-compiler-plugin is missing

#!/bin/bash
# analyze_build_log.sh

LOG_FILE="build.log"

echo "=== Maven 建置日誌分析 ==="
echo "分析檔案: $LOG_FILE"
echo

# 統計錯誤數量
ERROR_COUNT=$(grep -c "\[ERROR\]" "$LOG_FILE")
echo "錯誤數量: $ERROR_COUNT"

# 統計警告數量
WARNING_COUNT=$(grep -c "\[WARNING\]" "$LOG_FILE")
echo "警告數量: $WARNING_COUNT"

# 顯示主要錯誤
if [ $ERROR_COUNT -gt 0 ]; then
    echo
    echo "=== 主要錯誤 ==="
    grep "\[ERROR\]" "$LOG_FILE" | head -10
fi

# 顯示建置時間
echo
echo "=== 建置時間 ==="
grep "Total time:" "$LOG_FILE" | tail -1

# 啟用遠端除錯端口
mvn test -Dmaven.surefire.debug

# 或使用指定端口
mvn test -Dmaven.surefire.debug="-agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=8000"

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
    <artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.0</version>
    <configuration>
        <mainClass>com.tutorial.java.App</mainClass>
        <args>
            <arg>-agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=5005</arg>
        </args>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

{
    "type": "java",
    "name": "Attach to Remote Java Application",
    "request": "attach",
    "hostName": "localhost",
    "port": 5005,
    "projectName": "java-vscode-tutorial"
}

# 使用 Maven archetype 建立專案
mvn archetype:generate \
    -DgroupId=com.tutorial.console \
    -DartifactId=console-calculator \
    -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart \
    -DinteractiveMode=false

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.tutorial.console</groupId>
    <artifactId>console-calculator</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>Console Calculator</name>
    <description>簡單的控制台計算機應用程式</description>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <junit.version>5.11.4</junit.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
            <version>${junit.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.15.0</version>
            </plugin>

            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.5.4</version>
            </plugin>

            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
                <artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.5.0</version>
                <configuration>
                    <mainClass>com.tutorial.console.CalculatorApp</mainClass>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

// src/main/java/com/tutorial/console/CalculatorApp.java
package com.tutorial.console;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class CalculatorApp {
    
    private final Calculator calculator = new Calculator();
    private final Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new CalculatorApp().run();
    }
    
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("=== 控制台計算機 ===");
        System.out.println("輸入 'exit' 結束程式");
        
        while (true) {
            try {
                System.out.print("請輸入運算式 (例: 5 + 3): ");
                String input = scanner.nextLine().trim();
                
                if ("exit".equalsIgnoreCase(input)) {
                    break;
                }
                
                double result = calculator.evaluate(input);
                System.out.println("結果: " + result);
                
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.err.println("錯誤: " + e.getMessage());
            }
        }
        
        System.out.println("感謝使用！");
        scanner.close();
    }
}

// src/main/java/com/tutorial/console/Calculator.java
package com.tutorial.console;

public class Calculator {
    
    public double evaluate(String expression) {
        String[] parts = expression.split("\\s+");
        
        if (parts.length != 3) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("格式錯誤，請使用: 數字 運算符 數字");
        }
        
        double a = Double.parseDouble(parts[0]);
        String operator = parts[1];
        double b = Double.parseDouble(parts[2]);
        
        return switch (operator) {
            case "+" -> a + b;
            case "-" -> a - b;
            case "*" -> a * b;
            case "/" -> {
                if (b == 0) {
                    throw new ArithmeticException("除數不能為零");
                }
                yield a / b;
            }
            default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("不支援的運算符: " + operator);
        };
    }
}

// src/test/java/com/tutorial/console/CalculatorTest.java
package com.tutorial.console;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

class CalculatorTest {
    
    private Calculator calculator;
    
    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        calculator = new Calculator();
    }
    
    @Test
    void testAddition() {
        assertEquals(8.0, calculator.evaluate("5 + 3"));
        assertEquals(-2.0, calculator.evaluate("-5 + 3"));
    }
    
    @Test
    void testSubtraction() {
        assertEquals(2.0, calculator.evaluate("5 - 3"));
        assertEquals(-8.0, calculator.evaluate("-5 - 3"));
    }
    
    @Test
    void testMultiplication() {
        assertEquals(15.0, calculator.evaluate("5 * 3"));
        assertEquals(-15.0, calculator.evaluate("-5 * 3"));
    }
    
    @Test
    void testDivision() {
        assertEquals(2.5, calculator.evaluate("5 / 2"));
        assertEquals(-2.5, calculator.evaluate("-5 / 2"));
    }
    
    @Test
    void testDivisionByZero() {
        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, 
            () -> calculator.evaluate("5 / 0"));
    }
    
    @Test
    void testInvalidFormat() {
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, 
            () -> calculator.evaluate("5 +"));
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, 
            () -> calculator.evaluate("invalid"));
    }
    
    @Test
    void testUnsupportedOperator() {
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, 
            () -> calculator.evaluate("5 % 3"));
    }
}

# 編譯專案
mvn compile

# 執行測試
mvn test

# 執行應用程式
mvn exec:java

# 打包
mvn package

# 執行打包後的 JAR
java -cp target/console-calculator-1.0.0.jar com.tutorial.console.CalculatorApp

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>3.4.1</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>

    <groupId>com.tutorial.web</groupId>
    <artifactId>student-management</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>Student Management System</name>
    <description>學生管理系統 Web 應用程式</description>

    <properties>
        <java.version>17</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Boot Starters -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-validation</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Database -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
            <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Testing -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        
        <!-- Development Tools -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

// src/main/java/com/tutorial/web/StudentManagementApplication.java
package com.tutorial.web;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class StudentManagementApplication {
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(StudentManagementApplication.class, args);
    }
}

# Spring Boot 專案特有指令
mvn spring-boot:run              # 執行應用程式
mvn spring-boot:build-image      # 建立 Docker 映像
mvn spring-boot:repackage        # 重新打包為可執行 JAR

# 標準 Maven 指令
mvn clean package               # 清理並打包
mvn test                       # 執行測試
mvn spring-boot:run -Dspring-boot.run.profiles=dev  # 使用特定設定檔執行

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.tutorial.enterprise</groupId>
    <artifactId>enterprise-system</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>

    <name>Enterprise System</name>
    <description>企業級多模組系統</description>

    <modules>
        <module>enterprise-common</module>
        <module>enterprise-domain</module>
        <module>enterprise-service</module>
        <module>enterprise-web</module>
        <module>enterprise-integration-tests</module>
    </modules>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        
        <!-- 版本管理 -->
        <spring-boot.version>3.4.1</spring-boot.version>
        <junit.version>5.11.4</junit.version>
        <mockito.version>5.15.2</mockito.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <!-- Spring Boot BOM -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-boot.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- 內部模組 -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.tutorial.enterprise</groupId>
                <artifactId>enterprise-common</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.tutorial.enterprise</groupId>
                <artifactId>enterprise-domain</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <pluginManagement>
            <plugins>
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                    <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>3.15.0</version>
                </plugin>
                
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>3.5.4</version>
                </plugin>
                
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>${spring-boot.version}</version>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </pluginManagement>
    </build>
</project>

# 從根目錄建置所有模組
mvn clean install

# 建置特定模組
mvn clean install -pl enterprise-web

# 建置模組及其依賴
mvn clean install -pl enterprise-web -am

# 跳過測試建置
mvn clean install -DskipTests

# 並行建置多模組
mvn clean install -T 1C

# 僅建置變更的模組
mvn clean install -amd

<project>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <groupId>com.tutorial.microservices</groupId>
    <artifactId>microservices-parent</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>
    
    <modules>
        <module>user-service</module>
        <module>order-service</module>
        <module>gateway-service</module>
        <module>discovery-service</module>
    </modules>
    
    <properties>
        <spring-cloud.version>2024.0.0</spring-cloud.version>
        <spring-boot.version>3.4.1</spring-boot.version>
    </properties>
    
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
</project>

# 建置所有微服務
mvn clean package -T 1C

# 建立 Docker 映像
mvn clean package docker:build -T 1C

# 執行整合測試
mvn clean verify -Pintegration-tests

# 本地開發環境啟動
mvn spring-boot:run -pl discovery-service &
mvn spring-boot:run -pl gateway-service &
mvn spring-boot:run -pl user-service &
mvn spring-boot:run -pl order-service &